U12 Doing business in the developing world

Chapter23  The next  billion
Chapter24  A company prospers by saving  poor people's  lives



vocabulary(U23)
1.accordingly  adv.
def:1.in a proper or appropriate way : in a way that suits the facts, needs, or requirements of a situation
      2.as a result
ex:He knew his limitations and acted accordingly.
2.conventional  adj.
def:1.always used before a noun
      2.common and ordinary : not unusual
ex:The number sign is the conventional symbol for labeling something measured in pounds.
3.devoted  adj.
def:having strong love or loyalty for something or someone
ex:The author's devoted [=loyal, faithful] readers have been eagerly waiting for the new book.
4.durable  adj.
def:staying strong and in good condition over a long period of time
ex:She is one of Hollywood's most durable stars.
5.end user n.
def:the person who will eventually use a product
ex:Programmers should always keep the end user in mind when designing a new piece of software.
6.enterprising  adj.
def:having or showing the ability or desire to do new and difficult things
ex:As an enterprising young reporter, she covered many important stories.
7.household name n.
def:to be very well known

ex:Microsoft has become a household name.

8.in  debt  phr.

def:owing a lot of money

ex:How did you manage to get so deep in debt?

9.install  v.

def:1.to make (a machine, a service, etc.) ready to be used in a certain place

      2.to put (someone) in an official or important job
ex:New locks were installed on all the doors.
10.nutritious  adj.
def:having substances that a person or animal needs to be healthy and grow properly : promoting good health and growth
ex:The food was both nutritious and delicious.
11.plug  in  phr.
def:to connect a piece of equipment to an electricity supply or to another piece of equipment
ex:Then I realized I hadn’t plugged the TV in.
12.roll  up (their) sleeves  phr.
def:to prepare for hard work
ex:They all  can roll up their sleeves. 
13.run  by  phr.
def: to tell someone your ideas so that they can give you their opinion
ex:Can I run a few ideas by you?
14.sole  adj./n./v.
def:1.only or single
      2.belonging only to the person or group specified
ex:She has the sole authority to hire new staff members.
15.strike a  deal  phr.
def:to make something such as a deal or an agreement by which both sides get an advantage or a benefit
ex:These questions must be answered before a deal can be struck.



vocabulary(U24)
1.backpacking  n./v.
def:1.a bag for carrying things that has two shoulder straps and is carried on the back
      2.to hike or travel with a backpack
ex:After college, she backpacked through/around Europe.
2.cave  n./v.
def:1.a large hole that was formed by natural processes in the side of a cliff or hill or under the ground
      2.to fall down or inward
ex:We need to keep the walls from caving in.
3.charitable  adj.
def:1.done or designed to help people who are poor, sick, etc.
      2.showing kindness in talking about or judging other people : not very critical
ex:She makes a charitable donation/contribution every year.
4.coup  n.
def:an impressive victory or achievement that usually is difficult or unexpected
ex:It was a major coup when they got the Vice President to appear on their show for an interview.
5.daring adj./v.
def:1.willing to do dangerous or difficult things
      2.showing a lack of fear
      3.the quality of being willing to do dangerous or difficult things : courage or fearlessness
ex:Skydiving requires both skill and daring.
6.disclose v.
def:to make (something) known to the public
ex:He refused to disclose the source of his information.
7.entertain  v.
def:to have people as guests in your home or in a public place (such as a restaurant)
ex:They like to entertain their friends at their summer home.
8.filter  n./v.
def:1.a device that is used to remove something unwanted from a liquid or gas that passes through it
      2.a device that prevents some kinds of light, sound, electronic noises, etc., from passing through
      3.to pass (something, such as a gas or liquid) through a filter to remove something unwanted
ex:She smokes cigarettes with filters.
9.insecticide  v.
def:a chemical substance that is used to kill insects
ex:A mosquito  net  【soaked】 with  insecticide.
10.refugee  n.
def:someone who has been forced to leave a country because of war
      or for religious or political reasons
ex:Thousands of refugees have fled the area.
11.soaked  v.
def:made completely wet by water or another liquid
ex:My socks are soaked.
12.supplier n.
def:a person or company that supplies goods or services
ex:They are the biggest supplier of books in the area.
13.transmit  v.
def:1.to send (information, sound, etc.) in the form of electrical signals to a radio, television, computer, etc.
      2.to give or pass (information, values, etc.) from one person to another
ex:The technology allows data to be transmitted by cellular phones
14.version n.
def:1.a story or description that is different in some way from another person's story or description
      2.a form of something (such as a product) that is different in some way from other forms
ex:A new version of the word processing program should be available soon.

U12 Doing business in the developing world

Chapter23  The next  billion
Chapter24  A company prospers by saving  poor people's  lives



vocabulary(U23)
1.accordingly  adv.
def:1.in a proper or appropriate way : in a way that suits the facts, needs, or requirements of a situation
      2.as a result
ex:He knew his limitations and acted accordingly.
2.conventional  adj.
def:1.always used before a noun
      2.common and ordinary : not unusual
ex:The number sign is the conventional symbol for labeling something measured in pounds.
3.devoted  adj.
def:having strong love or loyalty for something or someone
ex:The author's devoted [=loyal, faithful] readers have been eagerly waiting for the new book.
4.durable  adj.
def:staying strong and in good condition over a long period of time
ex:She is one of Hollywood's most durable stars.
5.end user n.
def:the person who will eventually use a product
ex:Programmers should always keep the end user in mind when designing a new piece of software.
6.enterprising  adj.
def:having or showing the ability or desire to do new and difficult things
ex:As an enterprising young reporter, she covered many important stories.
7.household name n.
def:to be very well known

ex:Microsoft has become a household name.

8.in  debt  phr.

def:owing a lot of money

ex:How did you manage to get so deep in debt?

9.install  v.

def:1.to make (a machine, a service, etc.) ready to be used in a certain place

      2.to put (someone) in an official or important job
ex:New locks were installed on all the doors.
10.nutritious  adj.
def:having substances that a person or animal needs to be healthy and grow properly : promoting good health and growth
ex:The food was both nutritious and delicious.
11.plug  in  phr.
def:to connect a piece of equipment to an electricity supply or to another piece of equipment
ex:Then I realized I hadn’t plugged the TV in.
12.roll  up (their) sleeves  phr.
def:to prepare for hard work
ex:They all  can roll up their sleeves. 
13.run  by  phr.
def: to tell someone your ideas so that they can give you their opinion
ex:Can I run a few ideas by you?
14.sole  adj./n./v.
def:1.only or single
      2.belonging only to the person or group specified
ex:She has the sole authority to hire new staff members.
15.strike a  deal  phr.
def:to make something such as a deal or an agreement by which both sides get an advantage or a benefit
ex:These questions must be answered before a deal can be struck.



vocabulary(U24)
1.backpacking  n./v.
def:1.a bag for carrying things that has two shoulder straps and is carried on the back
      2.to hike or travel with a backpack
ex:After college, she backpacked through/around Europe.
2.cave  n./v.
def:1.a large hole that was formed by natural processes in the side of a cliff or hill or under the ground
      2.to fall down or inward
ex:We need to keep the walls from caving in.
3.charitable  adj.
def:1.done or designed to help people who are poor, sick, etc.
      2.showing kindness in talking about or judging other people : not very critical
ex:She makes a charitable donation/contribution every year.
4.coup  n.
def:an impressive victory or achievement that usually is difficult or unexpected
ex:It was a major coup when they got the Vice President to appear on their show for an interview.
5.daring adj./v.
def:1.willing to do dangerous or difficult things
      2.showing a lack of fear
      3.the quality of being willing to do dangerous or difficult things : courage or fearlessness
ex:Skydiving requires both skill and daring.
6.disclose v.
def:to make (something) known to the public
ex:He refused to disclose the source of his information.
7.entertain  v.
def:to have people as guests in your home or in a public place (such as a restaurant)
ex:They like to entertain their friends at their summer home.
8.filter  n./v.
def:1.a device that is used to remove something unwanted from a liquid or gas that passes through it
      2.a device that prevents some kinds of light, sound, electronic noises, etc., from passing through
      3.to pass (something, such as a gas or liquid) through a filter to remove something unwanted
ex:She smokes cigarettes with filters.
9.insecticide  v.
def:a chemical substance that is used to kill insects
ex:A mosquito  net  【soaked】 with  insecticide.
10.refugee  n.
def:someone who has been forced to leave a country because of war
      or for religious or political reasons
ex:Thousands of refugees have fled the area.
11.soaked  v.
def:made completely wet by water or another liquid
ex:My socks are soaked.
12.supplier n.
def:a person or company that supplies goods or services
ex:They are the biggest supplier of books in the area.
13.transmit  v.
def:1.to send (information, sound, etc.) in the form of electrical signals to a radio, television, computer, etc.
      2.to give or pass (information, values, etc.) from one person to another
ex:The technology allows data to be transmitted by cellular phones
14.version n.
def:1.a story or description that is different in some way from another person's story or description
      2.a form of something (such as a product) that is different in some way from other forms
ex:A new version of the word processing program should be available soon.

U11 multitasking: can you handle it?

Chapter21  Keeping  an eye  on the sky
Chapter22  The effect of multitasking

vocabulary(U21)
1.channel n.
def:1.a television or radio station
      2.a system used for sending something (such as information or supplies)
        from one place or person to another
ex:Change the channel, please.
2.distorted   v.
def:to change the natural, normal, or original shape, appearance, or sound of (something) in a way that is usually not attractive or pleasing
ex:Her face was distorted by pain.
3.distracted  adj.
def:unable to think about or pay attention to something : unable to concentrate
ex:If you're feeling distracted, take a break.
4.drawback  n.
def:something that causes problems
ex:The only drawback [=downside] to the plan is that we don't have the time it requires.
5.exception  n.
def:1.someone or something that is different from others : someone or something that is not included
      2.a case where a rule does not apply
ex:I like all his books, with one exception.
6.impair  v.
def:to make (something) weaker or worse
ex:Smoking can impair your health.
7.on  the  go  phr.
def:very busy or active
ex:I’ve been on the go since six o’clock this morning.
8.readily   adv.
def:1.uickly and easily
      2.in a way that shows you are willing to do something : without hesitation or complaint
ex:He readily agreed to help us.
9.recollection  n.def:1.the act of remembering something or the ability to remember something
      2.something from the past that is remembered
ex:She has only a vague recollection of her seventh birthday party.
10.rural  adj.
def:1.of or relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city
ex:She lives in a rural area.
11.simultaneously  adv.
def:1.happening at the same time
ex:The speech will be broadcast simultaneously on radio and TV.
12.switch    n.
def:1.a small device that starts or stops the flow of electricity to something (such as a lamp or a machine) when it is pressed or moved up and down
ex:She flicked a switch and turned the lamp/lights on.



vocabulary(U22)
1.audibly  adv.
def:heard or able to be heard
ex:He sighed audibly.
2.build  up  phr.
def:to talk about someone or something in a very positive way so that people are impressed with them
ex:These exercises are good for building up leg strength.
3.consistently adv.
def:1.always acting or behaving in the same way
      2.of the same quality especially : good each timeex:The technique is now being used consistently.4.in favor of  phr.
def:1.supporting a person or an idea, proposal etc that you believe is right
      2.preferring to choose someone or something that you believe is better
ex:Those in favour of the motion, please raise your hands now.
5.inefficiency  n.
def:1.the lack of ability to do something or produce something without wasting materials, time, or energy : the quality or state of being inefficient
ex:The candidate blamed her opponent for the local government's inefficiency.
6.long-term adj.
def:lasting for, relating to, or involving a long period of time
ex:The long-term effects of the medication are not known.
7.on  a  regular basis  phr.
def: arranged so that there is the same amount of time between events or the same amount of space between objects
ex:They come here on a regular basis
8.operate v.
def:1.to function or behave in a proper or particular way
      2.to use and control (something)
ex:They hope to have the windmill operating again tomorrow.
9.perception n.
def:1.the way you think about or understand someone or something
      2.somewhat formal : the ability to understand or notice something easily
ex:She shows remarkable perception.
10.range  n.
def:a group or collection of different things or people that are usually similar in some way
ex:The rugs are available in a range of colors.
11.rotate v.
def:1.to move or turn in a circle
      2.to regularly change the person who does a particular job
         so that all the members of a group do it at different times
ex:The staff rotates the weekend shift.
12.run risks phr.
def:to do something that may have a bad result
ex:You run the risk of upsetting her if you tell her the truth.

U10 Sustainability

Chapter  19   reaching our  limits  Welcome  to  2100
Chapter  20  Desert  state  puts  oil  wealth  into  world's  first  sustainable  city.


vocabulary(U19)
1.abandon  v.
def:1.to leave and never return to (someone who needs protection or help)
ex:The child had been abandoned (by his parents) as an infant.
2.abuse v.
def:1.to treat (a person or animal) in a harsh or harmful way
      2.to use or treat (something) in a way that causes damage.
ex:He abused his body with years of heavy drinking.
3.collapse v.
def:1.to break apart and fall down suddenly
      2.to fall down or become unconscious because you are sick or exhausted
ex:The roof collapsed under a heavy load of snow.
4.drought n.
def:a long period of time during which there is very little or no rain
ex:The drought caused serious damage to crops.
5.harsh  adj.
def:unpleasant and difficult to accept or experience.
ex:The climate there is very harsh.
6.linked  to  phr.
def:1.to say or show that two things are related, or that one of the things causes the other.
ex:Police have evidence linking Bates to a drug-importation operation.
7.out  of  the question  phr.
def:1.used for saying that something is definitely not a possibility.
ex:Taking a holiday then is out of the question.
8.resources  n.
def:something that a country has and can use to increase its wealth
ex:The country has vast mineral resources.
9.settlement  n.
def:a formal agreement or decision that ends an argument or dispute
ex:I got the house in the divorce settlement.
10.spray n.
def:liquid that is forced out of a container in a stream of very small drops
ex:The paint was applied in a fine spray.
11.standard  of  living  phr.
def:the type of life that a person or society has according to the amount of money that they have
ex:Japan has a very high standard of living.
12.starvation  n.def:suffering or death caused by having nothing to eat or not enough to eat : the condition of someone who is starving
ex:The famine brought mass starvation.


vocabulary(U20)
1.breeze  n./v.
def:a gentle wind
ex:The flag fluttered in the breeze.
2.dust  n.
def:fine dry powder that builds up inside buildings on surfaces that have not recently been cleaned
ex:The floor was covered with dust.
3.flush  out  phr.
def:to clean something using a lot of water
ex:Flush the pipes out with clean water.4.generate  v.
def:to produce (something) or cause (something) to be produced
ex:windmills used to generate electricity
5.humid  adj.
def: having a lot of moisture in the airex:It's very hot and humid [=muggy] today.
6.microclimate  n.
def:the weather or temperature in a specific small area, especially when this is different from the weather or temperature in the area surrounding it
ex:Most  roads  will be 10 feet(3m) wide  and just  223  feet(70m)   long  to  develop  a  microclimate.
7.orient v.
def:to change or create (something, such as a book or a film) so that it appeals to a particular group of people or is suitable for a particular group of people
ex:They are planning to orient the movie toward teenagers.
8.outskirts  n.
def:the parts of a city or town that are far from the center
ex:We live on the outskirts of town.
9.pedestrian n.
def:a person who is walking in a city, along a road, etc.
ex:The car slid off the road and almost hit a group of pedestrians.
10.promising  adj.
def:likely to succeed or to be good : full of promise
ex:The neighborhood didn't look very promising.
11.put into  perspective  phr.
def: sensible way of judging how good, bad, important etc something is in comparison with other things
ex:This kind of tragedy puts a mere football match into perspective.
12.renewable  adj.
def:able to be extended for another time period
ex:Wind and water are renewable fuel sources.
13.self-sufficient  adj.
def:able to live or function without help or support from others
ex:His new job allowed him to become more self-sufficient.
14.take over  phr.
def:an occurrence in which a person, company, etc., takes control of something
ex:The company was trying to protect itself from a hostile takeover.

U9 Face-to-face with big cats

Chapter 17  How to survive a mountain  lion attack
Chapter 18  life of pi


vocabulary (U17)
1.charge  v.
def:1.to give an amount of electricity to (something) : to put electricity into a battery so that a machine or device will run
      2.to give a job or responsibility to (a  person  or   groups)
ex:My cell phone needs to be charged.
2.foe  n.
def:1.an enemy
ex:Her ability was acknowledged by friend and foe alike.
3.formidable  adj.
def:1.very powerful or strong : deserving serious attention and respect
      2.very difficult to deal with
      3.large or impressive in size or amount
ex:He has mastered a formidable amount of material.
4.frailty n.
def:1.physical weakness
      2.weakness of character that causes a person to do things that are morally wrong
ex:He is not immune to human frailty.
5.gaze  v.
def:1.to look at someone or something in a steady way and usually for a long time
      2.a long and steady look
ex:He gazed out the window at the snow.
6.grunt  n.
def:1. a short, low sound from the throat
      2.a U.S. soldier especially in the Vietnam War
      3.a person who does ordinary and boring work
ex:He answered her with a grunt.
7.hold your ground  phr.
def:1.to not change your position when you are being attacked : to not retreat
ex:The troops managed to hold their ground despite a fierce enemy attack.
8.majestic  adj.
def:large and impressively beautiful
ex:You can  see  the majestic   mountains.
9.mating  season  n.
def:a period of the year when animals are sexually active
ex:Keep  in mind that attacks  are most common  during  mating  season.
10.menacing  adj.
def:1.a dangerous or possibly harmful person or thing — usually singular
ex:He gave her a menacing look.
11.nostrils n.
def:one of the two holes at the end of your nose
ex:My left nostril is stuffed up.
12.retreat v./n.
def:1.movement by soldiers away from an enemy because the enemy is winning or has won a battle
      2.movement away from a place or situation especially because it is dangerous, unpleasant, etc.
      3.the act of changing your opinion or position on something because it is unpopular
ex:Some of her friends were surprised by her retreat from public life following her defeat
     in the election.
13.sideways  adv.
def:1.with one side facing forward
      2.to or toward the right or left side
ex:She fell sideways and landed on her shoulder.
14.snarl   n.
def: 1.a twisted knot of hairs, thread, etc.
       2.a situation in which you can no longer move or make progress
ex:The project has been plagued by legal/bureaucratic snarls
15.spine-chilling  adj.
def:very exciting, thrilling, or frightening
ex:He   shrugged   in  the  spine-chilling musical moments.


vocabulary(U18)
1.come  clean phr.
def:1.to tell the truth about what happened
ex:Eventually she came clean and helped the police recover the goods she'd stolen.
2.despair n./v.
def:1.the feeling of no longer having any hope
ex:She let out a cry of despair.
3.fury  n.
def:1.violent anger
synonym:anger
ex:I could see the fury in her eyes.
4.growl  v./n.
def:1.of an animal
      2.to make a low sound like the sound of a growling animal
ex:I could hear a dog growling behind me.
5.in  the  same  boat  phr.
def:1.in the same unpleasant or difficult situation : affected by the same problem
ex:We're all in the same boat.
6.intently  adv.
def:1.the thing that you plan to do or achieve : an aim or purpose
ex:She listened intently to the news report.
7.outlast   v.
def:1.to last longer than (someone or something) : to continue to exist, be active, etc.
ex:The policies he has established will outlast his presidency.
8.petrifying  v.
def:1.to make (someone) very afraid
      2.to slowly change (something, such as wood) into stone
ex:It petrifies [=terrifies] me to think of how close we came to dying.
9.prick up  one's ears  phr.
def:1.to start listening to something very carefully because it sounds interesting.
ex:I pricked up my ears when I heard my name mentioned.
10.rusty adj.
def:1.covered with rust
      2.not as good as usual or as in the past because you have not done
         or practiced something for a long time.
ex:The singers were a bit rusty after the long break.
11.tame adj.
def:1.trained to obey people
      2.not exciting or interesting                                                                                                               
ex:The island's birds are quite tame.
12.twitch  v.
def:1.to make a slight, sudden movement that is not controlled or deliberate
ex:Her mouth was twitching as she began to cry.